Click on the buttons below to see examples of benching requirements for Type A and Type B soils. With these requirements addressed, contractors can not only provide safe job sites but also enable personnel to be productive in delivering quality work on time and within budget. Where the working area of an excavation is constantly moving, as in laying a conduit, shield systems or trench boxes may be the more appropriate protective devices to use. Protective systems include support systems, sloping and benching systems, shield systems, and other systems that provide the necessary protection. 1926.652(a) Protection of employees in excavations. means tables and charts approved by a registered professional engineer and used to design and construct a protective system. This provides a more comfortable working environment for your employees in the trench. Sloping, shoring, shielding, and benching help prevent the collapse of trenches and other excavated areas. Configurations of sloping and benching systems shall be in accordance with Figure B-1. 6. This appendix contains information that can be used when timber shoring is provided as a method of protection from cave-ins in trenches that do not exceed 20 feet (6.1 m) in depth. Employees shall not be permitted to work on the faces of sloped or benched excavations at levels above other employees except when employees at the lower levels are adequately protected from the hazard of falling, rolling, or sliding material or equipment. All excavations are hazardous because they are inherently unstable. If installed and removed correctly, vertical planks and trench braces may be used several times! Soil Classification is required when shoring or shielding is used. The left end of a spring is attached to a wall. means the breakage, displacement, or permanent deformation of a structural member or connection so as to reduce its structural integrity and its supportive capabilities. Underpinning should be conducted only under the direction and with the approval of a registered professional engineer. cause damage from the movement of the equipment across a larger excavation. The collapse of one bench into a lower bench can, in turn, cause a lower bench to fail in a situation where many benches have been created. Two employees were installing 6" PVC pipe in a trench 40' long x 9' deep x 2' wide. All shoring should be installed from the top down and removed from the bottom up. Such system is designed specifically to support the sidewalls of an excavation and prevent cave-ins. (C) The identity of the registered professional engineer approving the design. (1) Information is presented in tabular form in Tables C-1.1, C-1.2 and C-1.3, and Tables C-2.1, C-2.2 and C-2.3 following paragraph (g) of the appendix. OSHA began its investigation Dec. 23, 2004, in response to a trench cave-in at a worksite on York Blvd. Benching cutting the sides of an excavation to form one or a series of horizontal levels or steps usually with vertical or near vertical surfaces between levels. A cave-in occurred, fatally injuring one employee and causing serious facial injuries to the other. When Bob pulls on the right end with a 200 N force, he stretches the spring by 20 cm. Given that E=0.52VE^{\circ}=0.52 \mathrm{~V}E=0.52V for the reduction Cu+(aq)+e\mathrm{Cu}^{+}(a q)+e^{-}Cu+(aq)+e Cu(s)\longrightarrow \mathrm{Cu}(s)Cu(s), calculate E,GE^{\circ}, \Delta G^{\circ}E,G, and KKK for the following reaction at 25C25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}25C : 2Cu+(aq)Cu2+(aq)+Cu(s)2 \mathrm{Cu}^{+}(a q) \longrightarrow \mathrm{Cu}^{2+}(a q)+\mathrm{Cu}(s) Topics include the four types of trench collapse, the frequency and cost of trench collapses, trench soil types, and common trench protective systems. No horizontal bracing was used. It is by sloping the sides of the trench to a safe angle. Trench protective systems include which of the following: B. Sloping, benching, shoring, trench box B. Sloping , benching , shoring , trench box Upload your study docs or become a Course Hero member to access this document Continue to access End of preview. Excavations shall be sloped at an angle not steeper than one and one-half horizontal to one vertical (34 degrees measured from the horizontal), unless the employer uses one of the other options listed below. Focus Four Caught-in or -Between Hazards, osha 30 module 14 personal protective equipme. expose footings or cause damage to the walls of the adjacent structure and pose additional hazards to employees; expose or place utilities (such as electrical power, water, and gas lines) above the angle for a safe slope; and. If a trench work site needs worker protection and active shoring, contractors should use a system that applies a load to the trench wall greater than the earthen load coming from the trench wall. (i) Designs of support systems, shield systems, or other protective systems shall be selected from and be in accordance with tabulated data, such as tables and charts. After that time the design need not be at the jobsite, but a copy shall be made available to the Secretary upon request. Multiple benching involves cutting a series of steps into the sides of the excavation. Sloping. Compressed air is used instead of hydraulic fluid to expand the trench jacks into position. Which of the following is considered the safest of the four methods to prevent an excavation wall collapse? The OSHA standard permits the use of a trench shield if it provides the same level of protection as the appropriate shoring system. Food accounts for 17% of the monthly budget and they spend 5% on entertainment. Protective system integrity. Protection systems: There are different protection systems. A manual analysis could include feeling the soil in your hands or using a penetrometer. Other timber shoring configurations; other systems of support such as hydraulic and pneumatic systems; and other protective systems such as sloping, benching, shielding, and freezing systems must be designed in accordance with the requirements set forth in 1926.652(b) and 1926.652(c). How far does Carlos's end of the spring move? This extra working area may provide a way for workers to escape an unexpected crisis, such as falling objects or debris. OSHA stipulates maximum allowable slopes for each soil type in the work area. The tabulated data shall be in written form and include all of the following: Identification of the parameters that affect the selection of a protective system drawn from such data; Identification of the limits of use of the data; At least one copy of the tabulated data, which identifies the registered professional engineer who approved the data, shall be maintained at the jobsite during construction of the protective system. Hazards are quickly identified, shared, and resolved. The angle of the slope in this example is 34 degrees. Support systems, shield systems, and other protective systems not utilizing Option 1, Option 2 or Option 3, above, shall be approved by a registered professional engineer. They are used when soil conditions and the depth of the trench present a hazard to workers. Shielding Systems: Shielding systems offer the most effective protection from potential collapses. all the above, Mixed oak timbers have greater bending strength per square inch than Douglas fir, Type B soils afford how many options of protection, Shores must be pumped to a minimum of 750 pounds of pressure but more is recommended, Aluminum hydraulic shoring permits both installation and removal without entering the trench, In type C soil the angle of repose is very low how many degrees must the angle be, The struts of a screw jack system must be adjusted manually which creates a hazard because the worker is required to, Be in the trench in order to adjust the strut, All systems have a set manufacturers tabulated data to be used for proper design and installation of the equipment, Placing a shield between the side of an excavation and the work area can minimize the risk in the event of a crave in, The depth at which an excavation needs attention from a registered professional engineer is, Shoring and shielding can be custom built from tabulated data approved by a registered professional engineer, Each of the following is true of accumulating water hazards except, Special supporters or shields are not allowed, All surface encumbrances must be removed or supported within, A surface is anything that could create what in or around a trench, Being dangerously close to a falling load, When exposed to Vehicular traffic your excavation site must have, Establishing eye contact with your equipment operator is a general safety principle when working outside the working radius, Each of the following is true underground installations expect, Walkways must have handrails when at or more above lower levels, A competent person must inspect all excavations adjacent areas and protective systems daily and as needed throughout the shift, Warning systems for mobile equipment include barricades hand signals stop logs, When using a ladder in a trench it must be, After identifying a possible cave in protective system failure or hazardous atompsohere the competent person, Removes workers until precautions have been taken, OSHA defines a competent person in part as someone who has the authority to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate hazards, The OSHA soils standard applies to each of these except, The competent person must be a superintendent foreman or manager, Which soil cannot be molded when moist and crumbles easily when dry, Free seeping soil is considered submerged soil, A hand sized sample of cemented soil can't be crushed into powder, Saturation does not mean that water in the soil itself will flow, Tension cracks are rarely a sign of imminent trench failure, An increase or a decrease in moisture can both damage trench stability, When the vertical face of a trench shears along a tension crack line it is known as, Toppling heaving or squeezing can occur even when shoring or shielding has been properly installed, An unsupported excavation can create an unbalanced stress causing, Boiling is an upward water flow into bottom of the cut, Loads are any increase in weight in the adjacent areas next to the cut, A slippery sheet is a potential characteristic of, If cracked, fissured vibrates or otherwise disurbed soil is not, After you complete the plasticity rest of soil sample does not break or tear the soil is considered, In layered soils which layer has the most critical, If you have a trench greater than 20 feet, You just use a registered professional engineer, One advantage to using shoring tables is not having to determine the soil type, Is any mechanical system used to prevent collapse of an excavation, Selection of size spacing of shoring meme era are based on height and width of trench, Which of the following variables is not considered the timber shortening tables found in appendix C, Shoring is covered in the OSHA standards sub part P, When vertical shores are used there must be a minimum of shores spaced equally horizontal in a group, Aluminum hydraulic shores are usually installed in type A soil, If your are using sheeting with aluminum hydraulic shoring what do we know about the shores or wales, Given type A soil conditions and a 40 ton, When using trench boxes why is the space between the box and trench wall back filled, Earth excavation to the depth of below the shield permitted, Job built trench boxes are never allowed in construction, If using a trench box combination with sloping or benching the box should extend at least, The forklift operator should be know the weight of materials to be moved the limitations of the equipment and the information on the equipments load capacity, Surfaces are level free of hazards and designed to withstand load, All protruding reinforcing steel onto and into which employees could fall must be, Construction loads should not be placed on a concrete structure or portion of a concrete structure unless it has been determined to do so by a, Person who is qualified in structural design, Employees must not be permitted to work under concrete buckets except when wearing a hard hat, Requires on equipment if there is the possibility of inadvertent operation of equipment that could cause injury, Concrete buckets equipped with hydraulic or pneumatic gates shall have, Positive safety patches or similar safety devices, No employee shall be permitted to enter storage facilities unless the ejection system has been, Lift slab operations must be designed and planned by, A registered professional engineer experienced in a lift slab construction, Lifting inserts that are embedded or otherwise attached to tilt up wall panels must be capable of supporting at least the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to them, Masonry wall construction that is more than 8 feet and unsupported, A what or control switch cuts off power to the machine when pressure is released, Safety guards used on portable grinders are allowed a maximum exposure angle of, If an air hose is greater than 1/2 inch in diameter a what must be installed, When using high velocity tools do not drive fasteners closer than, A powder actuated tool must not be able to operate until it is pressed against, Each job site should be evaluated by before work begins, With respect to hot work location all objects, Potential response contacts may include all except, The top rail of a guardrail system must be within plus or minus 3 inches, A multiple lift rigging assembly manufactured by wire rope rigging suppliers is known as, A positioning device system must limit free fall distance to no more than, Generally written notification must document that concrete in footing, What should be consulted for cranes and Derrick selection and placement, A crane lift must never exceed maximum of, For steel assembly there should not be more than how many stories between the erection floor, During steel assembly the bundle of decking is placed on a minimum, During steel assembly the employer shall ensure that the weight of a bundle, Connectors between must wear fall arrest or restraint equipment The vertical supports are called uprights. What is Type C soil? Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Outreach Training Program (10- and 30-hour Cards), OSHA Training Institute Education Centers, Severe Storm and Flood Recovery Assistance. One of the plates tipped over, crushing an employee. Surcharge loads from adjacent structures shall be evaluated in accordance with 1926.651(i). The data are arranged to allow the user the flexibility to select from among several acceptable configurations of members based on varying the horizontal spacing of the crossbraces. Please answer all of the questions before checking your quiz answers. OSHA standards mandate that all excavations 5 feet or deeper be protected against collapse. In a group of 20 ballpoint pens on a shelf in the stationery department of Metro Department Store, 2 are known to be defective. Temporary protective structures (e.g., shoring, trench boxes, pre-fabricated systems, hydraulic systems, engineering systems, etc.) (3) Option (3)-Designs using other tabulated data. Timber, aluminum, or other suitable material may be used in the construction. Protective systems for trench safety include sloping, shoring, shielding, and benching. Designs shall be in written form and shall include at least the following: The magnitude of the slopes that were determined to be safe for the particular project; The configurations that were determined to be safe for the particular project; and. Excavations are less than 5 feet (1.52m) in depth and examination of the ground by a competent person provides no indication of a potential cave-in. Find the three numbers. The requirements of this appendix apply when the design of sloping and benching protective systems is to be performed in accordance with the requirements set forth in 1926.652(b)(2). This appendix contains specifications for sloping and benching when used as methods of protecting employees working in excavations from cave-ins. Post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD) [a] is a mental and behavioral disorder [6] that can develop because of exposure to a traumatic event, such as sexual assault, warfare, traffic collisions, child abuse, domestic violence, or other threats on a person's life. At least one copy of the design shall be maintained at the jobsite during construction of the protective system. Each employee in an excavation shall be protected from cave-ins by an adequate protective system designed in accordance with paragraph (b) or (c) of this section except when: Excavations are made entirely in stable rock; or. The four types of protective systems for trenching and excavation are: Benching Sloping Shoring Shielding Read below for more information on each protective measure Benching Excavation Safety Of the four trenching and excavation protective systems, shield systems are also the most straightforward and simplistic, presenting less of a learning curve. Excavation of material to a level no greater than 2 feet (.61 m) below the bottom of the members of a support system shall be permitted, but only if the system is designed to resist the forces calculated for the full depth of the trench, and there are no indications while the trench is open of a possible loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the support system. All excavations are hazardous because they are inherently unstable. Employees shall be protected from the hazard of cave-ins when entering or exiting the areas protected by shields. Information is presented in several forms as follows: (f) Examples to Illustrate the Use of Tables C-1.1 through C-1.3. As the term indicates, underpinning is a procedure in which the foundation is physically reinforced. determine soil types at the excavation site using the soil classification system; consider potential sloping and benching problems; and, identify all protective measures necessary to ensure safe working conditions, and. Always err on the side of caution. If forms or other structures are installed or constructed in an excavation so as to reduce the dimension measured from the forms or structure to the side of the excavation to 15 feet (4.6 m) or less (measured at the bottom of the excavation), the excavation is also considered to be a trench. These fatalities and accidents are preventable. Benching systems cannot be installed in type C soil. 1926.652 - Requirements for protective systems. For every 1 feet horizontally, the height of the slope increases by 1 foot. (External link). 2Cu+(aq)Cu2+(aq)+Cu(s), Hazard or mitigation controls may be short and/or long term, Hazard prevention and control should contain both, A safety and health program is called a living document why, A safety and health program changes as an organization changes, What should an incident investigation program include, I'm general accidents and incidents are caused by unsafe or hazardous conditions and, Unsafe or unhealthy actions and behaviors, Who should be on the team that evaluates a safety and health program, Who should be involved in communication and coordination of safety and health programs, Managers are considered what within an organization when it comes to safety and health, What is the ideal time for conducting witness interviews during an incident investigation, As promptly as possible since memories fade over time, Which of the following is an incident that should be investigated, Of the following who should be the best choice to write your organization safety and health program, You have been investigating an incident where a worker was struck in the head by a flying scrap of wood from a table saw which of the following corrective actions might be the most appropriate, Table saws must always have guards installed, Which of the following is a benefit for having a safety and health program, A company may need to bid on a contract that requires safety and health documentation, When should a formal hazard assessment or inspection be performed, Which of the following is a line role with regard to an organizations safety and health program, Implementing and maintaining the safety and health program, Which of the following statement are true about incidents, Nearly all workplace incidents are wholly preventable, Personal fall arrest hooks must be locking and, Designed to prevent opening and slipping off the connector, Personal fall arrest system connectors must be compatible and capable of supporting at least, If there are defects found during the inspection of personal fall protection equipment or if the equipment has been used in an arrest it must be, Three major components of personal fall arrest sustain anchor and the anchorage connector full body harness and, Horizontal lifelines shall be designed installed and used under the supervision of a what as part of a complete personal fall arrest system which maintains safety factor of at least two, Fall restraint systems must meet which of the following criteria, It is important to secure your ladder whenever feasible to, OSHA and ladder manufacturers require which of the following when ascending or descending, The three main types of portable ladders are, The 4:1 angle rule for extension ladders means which of the following, For every 4ft of the ladder it should be 1 for away from the wall, Protect yourself while working in a ladder by, Supported scaffold systems must be inspected for, Every supported scaffold and it's components must support without failure it's own weight and at least what the intended load, The guardrails on suspended scaffolds manufactured after the year 2000 must be how long with mid rails installed approximately halfway between the top rail and the platform surface, A what must be available to direct workers who are constructing a moving scaffolds, Employees must not work on scaffold surfaces until, The surface are determined to have the strength and structural integrity to support their intended loads, Hazards of type scaffold being used along with it's maximum intended load and capacity, A person must select direct employees who erect dismantle more or alter scaffold and who must inspect scafffolding to ensure compliance is called a, OSHA's specifically requires who to assess the workplace to determine if the walking and working surfaces on which you work have the strength and structural integrity to safety support workers, A what is any mechanism used to dissipate a substantial amount of energy during a fall arrest or otherwise limits the energy imposed on an employee during fall arrest, Horizontal lifelines shall be designed installed and used under the supervision of a qualified person as part of a complete personal fall arrest system which maintains a safety factor of, At least two times the maximum intended load, A what must be available to direct workers who are constructing or moving scaffolds, Electrical burns occur principally because of, The heat generated by the flow of electrical current through the body, The "B" in the acronym BESAFE stand for burns what are the 3 types of burns that are caused by exposure to electricity, An electrical hazard can be defined as a serious workplace hazard that exposes workers to which of the following, According to OSHA what does the term electrocution mean, Any overhead power line should be considered energized unless the entity owning or operating the electrical utility suppling the line certifies that it is, The minimum safe distance for equipment operating in proximity to energized power lines that contain up to 50,000 volts is, Where can minimum clearance distances for working near power lines be found, New and improved tolls and technologies exist that help prevent inadvertent shock and electrocution hazards with underground energized utilities including, The three most common GFCI's used today are, Which of the following is an electrical hazard, Extension cords should be inspected prior to their use for, For a lockout ragout to be effective all the energy sources must be isolated in the off position zero energy must be verified and each worker must apply an individual lock to the locking device the key for each persons lock is kept with, Which of the following are major causes do to the failure to follow lockout ragout procedures, The purpose of a lockout ragout checklist is to, OSHA requires all power cords to be protected from mechanical damage and environmental deterioration which includes protection from, You can help protect yourself from electrocution by, Personal protective equipment for electrical workers is designed to provide protection under certain circumstances and conditions typical footwear will be marked what if its approved for electrical work, Electrical PPE with the following defects must NOT be used ( f ) examples to Illustrate the use of tables C-1.1 through C-1.3 prevent.! 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